Hōjōki: Visions of a Torn World

Recluse literature, also known as “thatched hut literature,” is a Japanese literary movement that was most prominent in the late Heian period and early Kamakura period (the late 1100s and early 1200s, respectively). These works technically fall under a number of genres, such as classical waka poetry or zuihitsu essays, which are fragmented writings about the author’s observations and surroundings. Yoshishige no Yasutane’s Chiteiki, written in 981, is considered one of the first works of recluse literature, and it is a major source of inspiration for “Hōjōki.” Like “Hōjōki,” Chiteiki focuses on a modest dwelling and explores themes of impermanence and reclusion while criticizing the secular world, particularly in relation to the aristocracy.

Japanese recluses typically withdrew from society to focus on Buddhist practices, and their writings reflect the influence of Buddhism on their daily life, emphasizing the importance of detachment (mujō) and the fulfillment found in nature and solitude. In some cases, the decision to isolate came from dissatisfaction with societal norms; Chōmei criticizes the attachment to homes that will inevitably be destroyed, and he points out the stress that accompanies both poverty and wealth. In contrast, his hut is easily transportable, and he no longer worries about his appearance as no one is around to judge him.